Urinalysis & Urine Sodium Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively on urine called "De Urinis", determined heating urine would precipitate proteins, documenting proteinuria as a disease state. French scholar named Gilles de Corbeil (12th century) classified 20 different types of urine, recording differences in urine sediment and color and introduced the "matula," a glass vessel in which a physician could assess color, consistency, and clarity. Following includes the complete analysis of urine: Visual exam • Color. • Clarity Dipstick test • Acidity (urine pH). • Bilirubin. • Blood (hemoglobin). • Glucose. • Ketones • Leukocyte esterase. • Nitrites. • Protein • Urine specific gravity test. Microscopic exam • Crystals. • Epithelial cells. • Bacteria, yeast and parasites (infections). • Red blood cells (RBC). • Urinary casts: • White blood cells Fractional excretion of Sodium (FE Na). [(U Na x P Cr) / (P Na x U Cr)] x 100 U = Urine, P = Plasma, Cr = Creatinine, Na = Sodium. Re-absorption and filtration accounted (Both). Should not be used with normal renal function. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) FE Na < 1% Urine sodium < 20 mEq/L. Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) FE Na > 2% Urine sodium > 40 mEq/L. #Urinalysis #crystals #dipstick #nitrite #leucocyte-esterase #urine #UNa #casts #glucosuria #hematuria
