13 results
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis
Poor Intake 
 - Starvation
 - Anorexia
GI Losses 
 - Vomiting / NG
NG drainage - Diarrhea ... Differential #Diagnosis #Low ... #Potassium #Table ... #Classification ... #Causes
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... Laxative use • Diarrhea ... losses: • High Blood ... consumption • Low ... #nephrology #low
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Gl tract loss (Diarrhea ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low ... #nephrology
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine
Urine K+
the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ... Gastrointestinal loss: Diarrhea ... effective arterial blood ... #urine #potassium ... algorithm #diagnosis #nephrology
Shock Classification Types - Pathophysiology Comparison

Obstructive Shock:
 • Obstructive shock is characterized by a blockage in
Shock Classification ... a blockage in blood ... flow caused by ... Depends on the cause ... Characterized by hypovolemia
Causes of Hypokalemia
I. Decreased intake
   A. Starvation
   B. Clay ingestion
II. Redistribution into
Causes of Hypokalemia ... factor (white blood ... Gastrointestinal loss (diarrhea ... #Potassium #Classification ... #Causes
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Cause - Decreased Intake:
 • Low salt in diet
 • Exclusive D5W
Decreased Intake: • Low ... NGT suction - Diarrhea ... - Gitelman SIGNS ... essential for blood ... Pathophysiology #Nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
alkalosis • Normal or low ... blood pressure ... (renal potassium ... Congenital chloride diarrhea ... Syndrome #diagnosis #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal/low ... blood pressure: ... the indicated causes ... of sodium and potassium ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Blood Transfusion Reactions

Immune Mediated:
 • Febrile Non-Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (FNHTR): Most common immune reaction to transfusion.
cutaneous eruptions, diarrhea ... • Hypocalcemia ... , Hyperkalemia: ... potassium from ... Hypothermia: Due to low