11 results
Abnormal Liver Function Tests - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm for Transaminitis
Hepatocellular Pattern (ALT or AST > ALP):
Abnormal Liver Function ... Severe - ALT >15X ULN ... Moderate - ALT 5-15X ULN ... Mild - ALT < 5x ULN ... Congenital, Others, Cirrhosis
Elevated Liver Enzymes - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Severe ALT > 15x ULN
 • Viral
 • Drugs/Toxins
 •
Severe ALT > 15x ULN ... Moderate ALT 5-15x ULN ... Mild ALT < 5x ULN ... disease US — Normal ... Infiltrative • Cirrhosis
Hepatitis B - Treatment Indications
Treatment not indicated:
 • Immune tolerant state - HBe-Ag detectable, high HBV
(>10^6 IU/mL), normal ... Family history of cirrhosis ... IU/mL and ALT > ULN ... or fibrosis • Cirrhosis ... #Indications #management
Autoimmune Hepatitis

Clinical Presentation
 - Highly variable clinical presentation, from subclinical disease to acute liver failure.
 -
upper limit of normal ... Hepatitis (eg Viral) Management ... ALT + AST > 5x ULN ... AND IgG > 2x ULN ... AIH #Diagnosis #Management
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) - Summary

PBC Epidemiology:
 • Female:Male 9:1
 • Common European descent
 • Age:
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis ... cholestasis → Cirrhosis ... • ALT & AST normal ... • ALP > 1.5 x ULN ... Primary #Biliary #Cirrhosis
Liver Chemistries - Interpretation of LFTs

R-value: Serum (ALT/ULN ALT) / (Alk phos/ULN ALP)
 • R >
R-value: Serum (ALT/ULN ... ALT) / (Alk phos/ULN ... - If both are normal ... of ALP • Near normal ... hepatitis: < 1 • Cirrhosis
Capnocytophaga
Pathogen: Capnocytophaga
 • 9 species, C. canimorsus responsible for the majority of infections
 • Gram-negative rod,
, alcohol use, Cirrhosis ... the cytoplasm of PMN ... infectiousdiseases #diagnosis #management
Multiple Sclerosis - Summary

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system
Examination: • UMN ... Hyperreflexia, Clonus, Babinski ... sclerosis #diagnosis #management
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis - Management
A. Initiate therapy 
 - Initiate 1st line therapy with UDCA (13-15
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis ... - Management A ... if ALP > 1.5x ULN ... and/or abnormal ... Primary #Biliary #Cirrhosis
Acute Pancreatitis - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

Presentation: 
 • Epigastric abdominal pain (90%, characteristically
Diagnosis and Management ... 2) Lipase > 3x ULN ... diagnosis, can be normal ... hemorrhage Management ... diagnosis and management