16 results
Hypoxemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm by A-a Gradient

Normal A-a Gradient:
 • ↓ Atmospheric pressure
 • Hypoventilation: CNS
Diagnosis Algorithm ... A-a Gradient Normal ... Hypoventilation: CNS ... neuromuscular disease ... #pulmonary #Aa
Approach to the A-a Gradient
A-a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2
A-a gradient = [FiO2 x (Patm -
/0.8)] - PaO2 Normal ... Hypoventilation: CNS ... , Interstitial Disease ... #Hypoxia #hypoxemia ... #differential #diagnosis
Pulmonary Hypertension Groups - WHO Classification
Group I - Vascular remodeling of pulmonary arteries
 • Idiopathic, HIV,
causing hypoxemia ... issues at rest, but normal ... issues at rest, but normal ... Symptoms of right ... Classification #diagnosis
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
- Differential Diagnosis ... , pain, fever, hypoxia ... Classically” noted with pulmonary ... acidosis: - CNS ... restrictive lung disease
Bronchiectasis - Summary

What?
• Bronchiectasis is derived from the Greek words bronckos meaning airway and ectasis meaning
inflammation Symptoms ... Chronic cough • Hypoxia ... Connective tissue diseases ... , in advanced disease ... - BAR >1.0 is abnormal
Mycoses

HISTOPLASMOSIS
• Inhalation of conidia → Yeast → travel to lymph nodes → spread in body
• Bird
extrapulmonary disease ... Inhalation of spores ... especially the CNS ... MC: CNS CSF: • ... level • A low or normal
Abnormalities in Rate and Rhythm of Breathing 
Normal 
The respiratory rate is about 14—20 per min
restrictive lung disease ... consider infarction, hypoxia ... , and stop for short ... Breathing #Patterns #Pulmonary ... #Diagnosis #PhysicalExam
Vasculitis - Differential Diagnosis Framework

When to Consider Vasculitis:
• Purpura, ischemic skin lesions
• Mononeuritis multiplex
• Hematuria, proteinuria,
- Differential Diagnosis ... Presentation: Systemic Symptoms ... • Progressive symptoms ... fluid (CSF) is abnormal ... chorioretinitis, CNS
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Inflammatory Disease: (i.e. GCA, SLE, GPA) ->
congenital defects) -> Abnormal ... -> Cherry-red spot ... pathophysiology #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms
Elevated Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) - Differential Diagnosis Framework

LDH is a cytoplasmic enzyme present in tissues throughout
- Differential Diagnosis ... upon damage • Normal ... • Pulmonary infarction ... Periodic paralyses CNS ... associated with any symptoms