4052 results
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride ... thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride ... Metabolic alkalosis • Normal ... • Congenital chloride ... diagnosis #nephrology #management
The crusade against “Ab”Normal Saline continues.  This is a non-physiologic fluid that can harm our
crusade against “Ab”Normal ... associated with its Chloride ... When we infuse Normal ... Normal saline has ... #criticalcare #management
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride ... alkalosis • Normal ... mineralocorticoid-like effect Normal ... salicylate poisoning Normal ... In a normal gap
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Urinary Chloride
 • Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
Algorithm - Urinary Chloride ... suction, Congenital chloride ... alkalosis - Normal ... salicylate poisoning • Normal ... causes #urinary #chloride
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Urine chloride < 20 mmol/l - Chloride responsive (Chloride
Algorithm Urine chloride ... < 20 mmol/l - Chloride ... responsive (Chloride ... diuretic use Urine chloride ... > 20 mmol/l - Chloride
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
Ringers (LR) vs Normal ... 1.5 mEq/L • Chloride ... 154 mEq/L • Chloride ... pancreatitis Normal ... receives high chloride
ECG Changes in Hyperkalemia and Treatment
Membrane Stabilization
 - Calcium gluconate or chloride 
Redistribution
 - Insulin
Calcium gluconate or chloride ... Hyperkalemia #Treatment #Management
How much sodium is in 1 Liter of Normal Saline? In Bags if Potato Chips
in 1 Liter of Normal ... Chips 1 L of normal ... = 0.9% sodium chloride ... per liter. 1 L normal ... Thus, 1 L of normal
Cystic Fibrosis 
An autosomal recessive condition. Mutations affect a specific gene on chromosome 7. The affected
Abnormal transport ... of Chloride & Sodium
Portal Hypertension Classification by site of vascular obstruction
1) Post-hepatic Post-sinusoidal: Budd-Chiari syndrome
2) Intrahepatic Post-sinusoidal: Veno-occlusive disease
3)
Portal Hypertension ... , Drugs, Vinyl chloride ... Pre-sinusoidal: Portal ... sepsis (umbilical, portal ... including surgery #Portal