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Arthrocentesis - Joint Fluid Analysis

Effusion Characteristics (Color, Clarity, WCC, PMN, Crystals, Bacteria) by Disease Process: 
OA,
Clarity, WCC, PMN, Crystals ... positively birefringent crystals ... negatively birefringent crystals ... TB arthritis, Septic ... Aspiration #Pseudogout #Septic
Arthrocentesis of synovial fluid - Interpretation
 - Normal
 - Noninflammatory	
 - Inflammatory	
 - Septic

Viscosity of synovial
Inflammatory - Septic ... The presence of crystals ... does not rule out septic ... Aspiration #Pseudogout #Septic
Synovial Fluid Analysis:

Findings (COLOR	TRANSPARENCY	VISCOSITY	WBC COUNT (PER MM3)	PMN CELL COUNT (%)	GRAM STAIN	CULTURE	PCR TEST	CRYSTALS)

By Condition (Normal 
Noninflammatory 
Inflammatory:
CULTURE PCR TEST CRYSTALS ... Aspiration #Pseudogout #Septic
Joint Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Monoarthritis
 • Septic
 • Crystalline
     - Gout
Monoarthritis • Septic ... Gout - Uric Acid Crystals ... Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystals ... Reiter’s syndrome) Aseptic
Approach to Joint Pain - Diagnostic Framework

1) Chronicity
2) Inflammatory vs Non-Inflammatory
3) Number of Joints Involved

1) Chronicity:
mycobacterial), RA, crystal ... (1 joint): • Septic ... culture, look for crystals ... • WBC >20k: Septic ... psoriatic arthritis Crystals
Septic Arthritis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Clinical Exam: hot, swollen, pain with passive AND active ROM
Septic Arthritis ... cell count, and crystal ... beneficial in septic ... nongonococcal septic ... unable to rule out septic
Differential Diagnosis of Acute Arthritis

Crystal-induced arthritis: Calcium oxalate, gout, cholesterol, pseudogout, hydroxyapatite crystals

Infectious arthritis: Bacteria, fungi,
Acute Arthritis Crystal-induced ... hydroxyapatite crystals ... Monoarticular #Septic
Approach to Gout
Diagnosis: r/o septic arthritis! Needle-shaped, negative birefringent crystals
Treatment:
 • Weight loss, diet, d/c culprit
Diagnosis: r/o septic ... negative birefringent crystals
Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint Septic Arthritis on POCUS

IVDU with severe left shoulder pain.  Can fully range
Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint Septic ... 64K WBC with no crystals ... AC joint septic ... sternoclavicular septic ... AC joint septic
Knee Effusions - Arthrocentesis Interpretation

Inflammatory arthritis:
 • Color: Yellow-> Green
 • Clarity: Opaque
 • Viscosity: Low
Culture: Negative Septic ... number of RBC's Crystal ... Interpretation #diagnosis #septic