7 results
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
loop or thiazide diuretics ... • Normal/low ... pressure: Active diuretic ... high in kidney ... #urine #Algorithm
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
Urine Na+K / serum ... loss (diuretics ... deficiency, Post-AKI diuresis ... (AKI, Post-AKI diuresis ... #nephrology
Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm
Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
• Hypovolemia: Diuretics ... Syndrome, Chronic ... #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology #sodium ... #low
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
• Metabolic alkalosis ... • Diagnosis of ... ; High-Ceiling Diuretics ... syndromeHyponatremia ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine
Urine K+
HCO3- • Low Urine ... diuretics, Thiazide ... diuretics, Mg2+ ... #urine #potassium ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
differentiating kidney ... urinary losses: • High ... : Emesis, Diuretics ... #diagnosis #Algorithm ... #nephrology #low
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
with thiazide diuretic ... • Normal or low ... Hypocalciuria (spot urine ... Surreptitious diuretic ... #diagnosis #nephrology