559 results
Approach to the A-a Gradient
A-a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2
A-a gradient = [FiO2 x (Patm -
A-a gradient = [FiO2 ... chest) • Low PiO2 ... Elevation, Low Fio2 ... Intracardiac, Pulmonary ... Hypoxia #hypoxemia #differential
Mask Oxygen Delivery Devices

Simple Mask aka Hudson's Mask:
 • Flow 6-10 LPM
 • FiO2 35-50%
Face Tent:
Flow 6-10 LPM • FiO2 ... 10-15 LPM • FiO2 ... 10-15 LPM • FiO2 ... 10-15 LPM • FiO2 ... Devices #management #pulmonary
Oxygen Delivery Systems
Nasal Cannula:
 • Flow: 1 - 6 L/min
 • FiO2: 25 - 40% (-4%/L
- 6 L/min • FiO2 ... - 10 L/min • FiO2 ... - 15 L/min • FiO2 ... on valve) • FiO2 ... devices #management #pulmonary
Oxygen Delivery by Device

Nasal Cannula 
• Indicated for low-flow, low-percentage supplemental oxygen. 
• Flow rate of
high percentage FiO ... set to desired FiO2 ... deliver desired FiO ... Oxygen #Delivery #FiO2 ... #Pulmonary #Equipment
Berlin Criteria for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 
- Respiratory symptoms must have begun within one
consistent with pulmonary ... lung collapse, or pulmonary ... mm Hg < PaO2 / FiO2 ... mm Hg < PaO2 / FiO2 ... Severe - PaO2 / FiO2
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

#Hyperkalemia #Differential #Algorithm #Diagnosis #Nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... #Hyperkalemia #Differential ... Algorithm #Diagnosis #Nephrology
Pulmonary Renal Syndrome

Definition: Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage + Glomerulonephritis
Presentation (Pulmonary and renal manifestations can occur weeks apart):
Pulmonary Renal ... Presentation (Pulmonary ... symptomatology Differential ... Renal #Syndrome #differential ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

#Hyperkalemia #Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm #PseudoHyperkalemia #Nephrology #Causes
Hyperkalemia Differential ... #Hyperkalemia #Differential ... PseudoHyperkalemia #Nephrology
Oxygen Delivery Devices - Comparison
Low Flow:
 • Nasal cannula (1-6L, 24-40% FiO2)
 • Face mask (5-10L,
(1-6L, 24-40% FiO2 ... (5-10L, 35-60% FiO2 ... (5-15L, 35-50% FiO2 ... (1-15L, 24-45% FiO2 ... Comparison #table #pulmonary
Diagnosis and Management of Hyponatremia

#Hyponatremia #Algorithm #Differential #Diagnosis #Management #Nephrology

** GrepMed Recommended Text: Nephrology Secrets -
Hyponatremia #Algorithm #Differential ... Diagnosis #Management #Nephrology ... Recommended Text: Nephrology