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Lung Infections in HIV - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Disease by CD4 Count:
Any CD4 Count:
 • Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
Lung Infections ... : • 3 syndromes ... • CT: Halo sign ... of a "flu-like syndrome ... Infections #HIV #AIDS #pulmonary
Pulmonary Pathology and Associated Lung Ultrasound Findings
Pneumothorax:
 - No lung sliding/barcode sign
 - Lung point (hard
sliding/barcode sign ... pleura reflection) Pneumonia ... Consolidations - "Shred" sign ... cases - Dynamic air ... Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Pneumonia on Chest Xray and POCUS

Extensive pneumonia in lower left lobe (red arrow). 
POCUS: Dynamic air
Pneumonia on Chest ... POCUS: Dynamic air ... CXR #Comparison #Clinical ... #Lung #Pulmonary ... #Clinical
Monod Sign on Chest CT
 • Air surrounding a fungal ball in a preexisting pulmonary cavity
Monod Sign on Chest ... CTAir surrounding ... a preexisting pulmonary ... #CT #Lung #Pulmonary ... diagnosis #radiology #clinical
Air Bronchogram Sign on Chest CT
 • Patent airways surrounded by opacified lung
 • DDx: pna,
Air Bronchogram ... Sign on Chest CT ... .2016.12.033 #Air ... #CT #Lung #Pulmonary ... diagnosis #radiology #clinical
Air Crescent Sign on Chest CT
 • Crescentic or circumferential rim of radiolucent airspace within a
Air Crescent Sign ... on Chest CT • ... #Crescent #Sign ... #CT #Lung #Pulmonary ... diagnosis #radiology #clinical
Septic emboli
Septic emboli usually present as multiple ill-defined nodules.
In about 50% cavitation is seen.
CT demonstrates more
CT demonstrates ... abutting the pleura, air-bronchograms ... feeding vessel sign ... feeding vessel sign ... #CXR #CTChest #
Tram Track Sign on Chest CT
 • Parallel, non-tapering airways, extending to the lung periphery.
 •
Tram Track Sign ... on Chest CT • Parallel ... ABPA Kartagener's syndrome ... #CT #Lung #Pulmonary ... diagnosis #radiology #clinical
Approach to the A-a Gradient
A-a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2
A-a gradient = [FiO2 x (Patm -
(assumes Room Air ... Hypoventilation Syndrome ... Hepatopulmonary Syndrome ... Atelectasis, ARDS, Pneumonia ... , Interstitial Lung
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – ARDS: Clinical Cheat Sheet

An acute diffuse, inflammatory lung injury, leading to
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ... – ARDS: Clinical ... leading to increased pulmonary ... be detected on CT ... oxygenation in pneumonia