90 results
Causes of False Elevation and Reduction in HbA1c

== False Elevation ==
Decreased RBC turnover 
• Iron, B-12,
Causes of False ... and Reduction in HbA1c ... Elevation == Decreased ... Elevation #Reduction #HbA1c ... #Increase #Decrease
Echocardiogram and POCUS Cardiology Windows and Anatomy
 • Parasternal Long Axis (PLAX)
 • Subcostal 4 Chamber
Echocardiogram and POCUS ... the Papillary Muscles ... Apical 4 Chamber (A4C ... Apical 2 Chamber (A2C ... Echocardiogram #POCUS
Diastolic Dysfunction Grading - Echocardiography
Grade 0  (Normal):
 • E/A >0.8, e’ > 8 cm/s, E/e’
in LV Muscle Relaxation ... in LV Muscle Relaxation ... in LV Muscle Relaxation ... Speed - POCUS ... diagnosis #cardiology #POCUS
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Cause - Decreased Intake:
 • Low salt in diet
 • Exclusive D5W
- Decreased Intake ... intoxication Cause ... SIGNS: • Muscle ... influences smooth muscle ... acidosis - Cl⁻ decrease
Papillary muscle rupture on POCUS Echocardiogram - A4C - Labeled

I colorized this POCUS to make it
Papillary muscle ... rupture on POCUS ... Echocardiogram - A4C ... colorized this POCUS ... Echocardiogram #A4C
Hemoglobin A1c (glycated hemoglobin) reflects the average blood glucose concentration over the course of the RBC
shown by levels of HbA1c ... correlated with 35-76% decrease ... lower levels of HbA1c ... Women with HbA1c ... , #@DharSaty #HbA1c
Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Urgency Urinary Incontinence (UUI) -> Urinary leakage preceded by a
coapting urethra -> Decreased ... Pelvic floor muscle ... sphincter unit; Decreased ... striated and smooth muscle ... SUI or UUI not caused
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Heat Cramps:
 • Muscle pain or spasm -
Heat Cramps: • Muscle ... Volume depletion → Decreased ... sweaty skin - Decreased ... Hyperventilation, Dizziness, Nausea ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Approach to the Hypotensive Patient - Differential Diagnosis Framework for Hypotension

Blood Pressure = Heart Rate x
arrhythmia Decreased ... - Papillary muscle ... negative inotropes Decreased ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy - Right Ventricular Involvement 

In up to 1/4 of cases of stress cardiomyopathy (takotsubo),
In up to 1/4 of cases ... Echocardiogram #A4C ... #Clinical #POCUS