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diagnosis algorithm comparison hyperkalemia pathophysiology binders binding cardiology chloride classification digoxin gitelman hyponatremia hypotonic lactated lr management medications metabolic normal
Potassium-Binding Agents to Treat Hyperkalemia Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (Lokelma): • Mechanism: Preferentially captures K in exchange for
Potassium-Binding ... patients sensitive to high ... of aspiration #Potassium ... #medications #pharmacology ... #table #comparison
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
urinary losses: • High ... - Metabolic Alkalosis ... diagnosis #Algorithm #differential ... #potassium #nephrology ... #low
Digoxin Pharmacology and Pathophysiology 1) Na/K ATPase Pump - Digoxin works by directly binding to and inhibiting
Digoxin Pharmacology ... intracellular calcium causes ... high potassium levels ... ) is a side effect ... (or low potassium
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
• Normal/low ... mineralocorticoid-like effect ... the indicated causes ... and potassium acid ... #differential #
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
thiazide-sensitive sodium ... • Normal or low ... ratio 0.5%) Differential ... • Seizures • Rhabdomyolysis ... Syndrome #diagnosis #nephrology
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison Composition of LR: • Sodium 130 mEq/L •
130 mEq/L • Potassium ... Is Dangerous in Hyperkalemia ... densa receives high ... NS #comparison #pharmacology ... #effects
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
diuresis can be high ... Present (Uosm ≥100): Hypovolemia ... #Hyponatremia #differential ... #diagnosis #table ... #sodium #nephrology
Causes of Hyperkalemia l. Pseudohyperkalemia A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Drug-associated: heparin, low-molecular-weight ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #High ... #Potassium #Classification
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