22 results
Insulin Dosing Basics - Initiating Insulin for T2DM and Converting Insulin Products 

Insulin dosing can be
For type 2 diabetes ... for type 2 diabetes ... run into patient cases ... Basics #Dosing #Conversion ... #Prescribing #Pharmacology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
intake • Metabolic ... Renal Losses: • Metabolic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low ... #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... wasting from other causes ... suggests extra-renal causes ... consumption • Low ... #nephrology #low
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... along with IV insulin ... Due to neuronal metabolism ... produces them when low ... +++ fluids. 2) Insulin
Metformin Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action:
 • Suppresses gluconeogenesis by the liver
 • Increases insulin-mediated glucose utilization
Metformin Pharmacology ... • Increases insulin-mediated ... agent • Does not cause ... hypoglycemia • Low ... #Summary #DM2 #diabetes
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
(Uncontrolled diabetes ... infusions) - Metabolic ... paralysis - Insulin ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal/low ... acidosis • Diabetic ... the indicated causes ... of sodium and potassium ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
(Uncontrolled diabetes ... infusions) - Metabolic ... paralysis - Insulin ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology
Imaging Patterns of Toxic and Metabolic Brain Disorders

Thalami, Mammillary Bodies and Tectum: Wernicke Encephalopathy
Dentate Nuclei: Metronidazole,
Patterns of Toxic and Metabolic ... Encephalopathy Insular ... Globi Pallidi T2 Low ... T1 High Signal: Diabetic ... Diagnosis #Radiology #Neurology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Non-anion Gap Metabolic ... Ketoacidosis: Diabetic ... Potassium-sparing ... aniongap #NonGap #Metabolic ... #nephrology