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Diabetic Ketoacidosis 
Management Priorities
1. Fluids 
2. Insulin 
3. Potassium 
4. Acidosis 
5. Re-establish oral fluids,
Insulin 3. ... Potassium 4. ... subcutaneous insulin ... Identification and treatment ... an underlying cause
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
transfusions), ↓insulin ... only if no clear cause ... : • Insulin 5- ... Give D50 before insulin ... #potassium #nephrology
Hyperkalemia Management
Membrane Stabilizers:
 • Calcium gluconate
Shifters:
 • Insulin + glucose
 • Albuterol
Excreters:
 • Furosemide
 • Sodium
gluconate Shifters: • Insulin ... Hyperkalemia #Management #Treatment ... #Potassium
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options
Stabilize cardiac membrane:
 • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes)
Decrease potassium concentration:
 • IV Fluids
Shift
Hyperkalemia Treatment ... minutes) Decrease potassium ... Fluids Shift potassium ... intracellularly: • Insulin ... Sodium bicarbonate Potassium
Causes of Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia is caused by excess potassium intake, impaired potassium excretion, or transcellular shifts. The
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Hyperkalemia is caused ... by excess potassium ... intake, impaired potassium ... rarely the sole cause
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... K+ into cells: Insulin ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low
Insulin Dosing Basics - Initiating Insulin for T2DM and Converting Insulin Products 

Insulin dosing can be
Insulin Dosing Basics ... - Initiating Insulin ... and Converting Insulin ... Products Insulin ... run into patient cases
Hypoglycemia Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Workup:
 • Sulfonylurea Labs
 • Anti-lnsulin Ab - Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome
 •
Ab - Insulin Autoimmune ... metabolic demand causes ... Serum glucose, Insulin ... Sulfonylurea Misuse • Insulin ... Misuse • Insulin
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis
Poor Intake 
 - Starvation
 - Anorexia
GI Losses 
 - Vomiting / NG
Redistribution - Insulin ... Diagnosis #Low #Potassium ... Classification #Causes
Emergent Hyperkalemia Treatment Algorithm
ECG changes, weakness, K+ >6.5 Or renal insufficiency with K >5.5 with cellular
Emergent Hyperkalemia Treatment ... cells - Combo of insulin ... reduction • Insulin ... units regular insulin ... Remove potassium