10 results
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
clots ➔ Lower Urinary ... Fistula • Post-procedural ... • Cystitis • Bladder ... /Bladder (Upper ... and Lower urinary
Types of Urinary Incontinence
 - Stress Incontinence - The urethral sphincter is weakened so that transient
Types of Urinary ... increases in intra abdominal ... #Urinary #Incontinence ... #Types #Classification ... #Causes #diagnosis
Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Urgency Urinary Incontinence (UUI) -> Urinary leakage preceded by a
tumour, stone, BPH, urethral ... increase in intra-abdominal ... pressure -> Urethral ... poorly coapting urethra ... SUI or UUI not caused
Causes of Enuresis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Nocturnal Enuresis (Urinary Control Never Achieved)
 • Delayed Maturation
Causes of Enuresis ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Diabetes Insipidus, Urethral ... Palsy, Neurogenic Bladder ... #Causes #Peds #
Causes of Urinary Tract Obstruction - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Upper Tract - Bladder NOT distended on ultrasound,
Causes of Urinary ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... cancer • Urethral ... • Posterior Urethral ... #Causes #Urology
Causes of Urinary Incontinence - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 - Transient - Easily reversible cause (DIAPPERS)
Causes of Urinary ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Incontinence - Failure of urethral ... medications • Bladder ... Obstruction #Urinary
Acute Kidney Injury - Classification
Prerenal:
 • Dehydration
 • Heart failure (a.k.a. cardiorenal syndrome)
 • Liver failure
Kidney Injury - Classification ... tubular necrosis (causes ... Postrenal: • Ureteral ... • Neurogenic bladder ... • Urinary tract
Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis of Macroscopic Hematuria
Important Historical Elements:
- Painless: suggests malignancy
- Painful: suggests calculi/infection
- Urinalysis:
Algorithm and Differential ... RBC’s, RBC/WBC casts ... early (distal urethra ... throughout (upper urinary ... tract), terminal (bladder
Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO)

Functional obstruction may be caused by detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD), either at the level
Bladder outlet obstruction ... bladder neck obstruction ... enlargement (BPH) or urethral ... BOO include urethral ... alternative radiologic procedures
Localized Acute Abdominal Pain(<72 hours) - Differential Diagnostic Algorithm
Look for surgical abdomen
Upper quadrant: R/O cardiac, pulmonary,
Localized Acute Abdominal ... musculoskeletal causes ... genitourinary causes ... Non-Peritoneal • Urinary ... upper, lower) • Ureteric