21 results
Hyponatremia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Utilizing Uric Acid 
ADH promotes Urea/uric acid excretion along with water
Serum Osmolarity 2) ... Urine Osmolarity 3) ... Urine Sodium 4) ... Acid → renal salt wasting ... #nephrology #sodium
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Once pseudohypokalemia is ruled out, causes of hypokalemia can be
Causes of Hypokalemia ... is ruled out, causes ... intake) 2. ... #Causes #workup ... #nephrology
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L
High
Causes of Hypernatremia ... water loss, Serum Sodium ... diuresis (see Polyuria ... mannitol, glucosuria Low ... #Causes
Hypokalemia Differential Algorithm
Acidosis
 - RTA
 - Diarrhea
pH Normal 
 1. Decreased Mg 
 2. Intracellular Shift
Hypokalemia Differential Algorithm ... discontinued) 3. ... secreting tumor 3. ... #Diagnosis #Causes ... #Workup #Nephrology
Simplified Approach to Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
1) IS THIS AN EMERGENCY? 
Is there a dialysis indication
2) HISTORY/PHYSICAL ... : Hypovolemia, Low ... (e.g NSAlDs) 3) ... PROBLEM ~80% of AKI cases ... CONSIDER INTRINSIC CAUSES
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
out of cells may cause ... +++ fluids. 2) ... Insulin + KCI. 3) ... anion gap until it closes ... Polyphagia • Polyuria
Antiarrhythmics Pharmacology Summary
Cardiac Conduction Phases:
Phase 0 - Ventricular Depolarization:
 • Na+ channels open leading to a
Transient K+ efflux moving ... Phase 2 - Plateau ... 1 - Sodium Channel ... • Divided into 3 ... Classification #Classes
Hypotension - Guidelines for Crises in Anaesthesia

Hypotension is commonly due to unnecessarily deep anaesthesia, the autonomic
hypovolaemia or combined causes ... and non-sinus → 2- ... potential surgical causes ... team. ❼ Consider causes ... Diagnosis #Management #Workup
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... normal volume-based algorithm ... can be high or low ... Cerebral Salt Wasting ... #nephrology
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis and Treatment
Hyponatremia is usually caused by the inability to excrete water normally.
vast majority of cases ... to work through ... 2) Is ADH elevated ... Treatment #management #nephrology ... #sodium