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diagnosis nephrology differential management acidosis alkalosis chloride classification comparison effects elevation gitelman hyponatremia hypotonic kidney lactate lactated lactic lr nephrolithiasis
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Algorithm Before ... A urine K/Cr ratio ... • Diarrhea A urine ... consumption • Low ... #nephrology #low
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... intake • Metabolic ... #causes #potassium ... #low #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
Urinary Chloride Algorithm ... alkalosis • Normal/low ... the indicated causes ... and potassium acid ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
thiazide-sensitive sodium ... thiazide-sensitive sodium ... alkalosis • Normal or low ... (renal potassium ... Hypocalciuria (spot urine
Management of Pediatric Kidney Stones Acute Managment: • Pain relief: NSAIDs, opioids • Facilitating passage of stone:
Kidney Stones Acute ... • Can consider medical ... Surgical Rx: • ACUTE ... protein - Low ... sodium diet
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison Composition of LR: • Sodium 130 mEq/L •
130 mEq/L • Potassium ... states such as acute ... Is Dangerous in Hyperkalemia ... Decreased GFR, urine ... • Saline May Cause
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... normal volume-based algorithm ... Urine Na+K / serum ... Present (Uosm ≥100): Hypovolemia ... #nephrology
Pragmatic diagnostic algorithm for hypokalemia. ***Typical presentations: • Vomiting: urine Na/Cl > 1.6, low urine
Pragmatic diagnostic algorithm ... Na/Cl > 1.6, low ... correcting serum potassium ... continued in most cases ... #nephrology
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
impairment of cellular metabolism ... excretion (e.g., urine ... sweat) - its metabolism ... - Shock - Hypovolemia ... LV failure - Low
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