29 results
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
disease, but can also ... • White cell casts ... infection • Hyaline casts ... disease • Granular casts ... #nephrology #casts
Bell's palsy
There are many different causes of Facial Nerve Palsy. However, the commonest
cause of unilateral facial
many different causes ... variety known as ... #Palsy #Neurology ... #Signs #Symptoms ... #Diagnosis
Acute Kidney Injury - Differential Diagnosis Framework
PRERENAL:
 - Intrarenal vasoconstriction-hemodynamically mediated
 - Systemic vasodilation
 - Volume
Acute Kidney Injury ... white blood cell casts ... renal tubular cell casts ... or pigmented casts ... on UA) - Vascular
Acute Liver Injury - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Vascular Causes of Acute Liver Injury: 
 • Hepatic vein:
- Differential Diagnosis ... Algorithm Vascular ... Causes of Acute ... intestines, white blood cells ... #differential #diagnosis
Acute Spinal Cord Injuries: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Anterior Cord Syndrome -> Anterior spinal artery
, often from vascular ... Mixed upper and lower ... #Syndromes #diagnosis ... pathophysiology #signs ... #orthopedics #neurology
Causes of Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Red blood cells on urine microscopy. Must exclude false positives
- Differential Diagnosis ... Algorithm Red blood cells ... bladder) • Vascular ... Extraglomerular - Lower ... RBCs and/or RBC casts
Causes of Neuromuscular Weakness
 • Spinal Cord: Demyelinating Disease (MS), Epidural abscess, Infarction, Syringomyelia, Tetanus, Transverse
Motor Nerves: ALS ... Phrenic nerve injury ... Mitochondrial myopathy, Muscular ... #differential #diagnosis ... #neurology
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
Immune mediated injury ... hematuria • Signs ... hematuria: - RBC casts ... #causes #urology ... #nephrology #renal
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Summary
ALS: combination of the clinical examination finding of amyotrophy with the pathologic
- Causes progressive ... 4) progressive muscular ... Upper extremity, lower ... Escorial criteria uses ... Lateral #Sclerosis #neurology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
- Differential Diagnosis ... Management Summary Causes ... Cast formation: ... kidney tubular cells ... #treatment #nephrology