10 results
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Absolute Insulin deficit:
 - Type I DM:
Pathophysiology ... of Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... - Type II DM pts ... insulin demand Relative ... #comparison #endocrinology
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

DKA is a result of an absolute or relative insulin
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology ... an absolute or relative ... details of the pathophysiology ... #Pathophysiology ... DKA #Diabetes #Endocrinology
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH ... Symptoms: Commonly no signs ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... #PTH #Primary # ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Calcium homeostasis is a process controlled by chiefly by hormones vitamin D and PTH. 
Vitamin D
vitamin D and PTH ... regulated by classical negative ... PTH acts to increase ... #Pathophysiology ... #Endocrinology
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis (EuDKA)
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Increasing Indications
Significant Adverse Drug Effects
Definition of EuDKA
 • Metabolic acidosis with pH
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... acidosis with pH ... level < 200 mg/dL Pathophysiology ... Euglycemic #Diabetic #Ketoacidosis ... diagnosis #management #endocrinology
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... DiabeticKetoacidosis #DKA #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Gangrenous cholecystitis with sloughed, intraluminal membranes on POCUS
Worsening RUQ pain/fever. Ill-appearing, low BP. WBC 22.4K. POCUS
Gangrenous cholecystitis ... POCUS GB done. ... Pt had stone stuck ... US Murphy's sign ... is negative generally
WES Sign (Wall Echo Shadow) on POCUS
GB contracted around stones. Last clip shows how easily missed
40yoF
WES Sign (Wall Echo ... Shadow) on POCUS ... Path: chronic cholecystitis ... pathology #WES #Sign ... WallEchoShadow #POCUS
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
patients with a negative ... hypertension and signs ... renal bruit or signs ... Vasculitis • Endocrinologic ... apnea: CPAP, most pts
Plankton Sign in Pleural Effusion on Lung POCUS
Typically highly suggestive of hemothorax
In this patient:
  PH
Plankton Sign in ... Effusion on Lung POCUS ... this patient: PH ... Xpert TB, BAAR negative ... #Plankton #Sign