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diagnosis differential algorithm causes hypokalemia management adh alkalosis chloride classification ebv epithelial gitelman heat heatstroke high hyperkalemia hyponatremia hypovolemia illness
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter Bartter
Inherited Defects ... in Kidney Tubule ... of epithelial sodium ... renal tubular acidosis ... #Kidney #Nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal/low ... , Gitelman syndrome ... the excretion of sodium ... and potassium acid ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
• Euvolemic (Low ... Hypervolemic: Conn syndrome ... , Cushing syndrome ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... differentiating kidney ... consumption • Low ... - Metabolic acidosis ... #nephrology #low
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework Heat Cramps: • Muscle pain or spasm -
Dehydration - Loss of sodium ... /Potassium - Extreme ... conditions - Neurogenic ... heat illness → Hypernatremia ... involvement: Muscles, Kidneys
Hyponatremia (<135 mEq/L) is a common electrolyte abnormality caused by an excess of total body water
asymptomatic to seizures ... the hypothalamus detect ... stimulated in states of low ... collecting duct in the kidneys ... activated in states of low
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
thiazide-sensitive sodium ... alkalosis • Normal or low ... Renal tubular acidosis ... tachycardia • Seizures ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
exertion/training - Seizures ... Hyperuricemia • Hyponatremia ... nephrotoxicity to kidney ... Monitor potassium ... causes #treatment #nephrology
Causes of Hyperkalemia l. Pseudohyperkalemia A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis B.
Hereditary defects ... Acidosis B. ... Drug-associated: heparin, low-molecular-weight ... antiphospholipid syndrome ... Diagnosis #High #Potassium
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