11 results
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
• Euvolemic (Low ... insipidus (central or nephrogenic ... Hypervolemic: Conn syndrome ... , Cushing syndrome ... Algorithm #nephrology #sodium
EULAR/ACR Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Domains:
 • Constitutional domain: Fever
 • Cutaneous domain: Non-scarring
EULAR/ACR Classification ... Criteria for Systemic ... Lupus Erythematosus ... Delirium, Psychosis, Seizure ... #Lupus #Erythematosus
Classification of Vasculitis 
Vasculitis of large vessels 
 - Arteritis temporalis (giant-cell arteritis) 
 - Takayasu
Classification of ... Vasculitis of medium ... central nervous system ... disease - systemic ... lupus erythematosus
SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)

Suspect:
Clinical evidence of (fatigue, rash, photosensitivity, inflammatory arthritis, weight loss, and fever) and
anti-Smith Ab, low ... Skin Disease Classification ... mood disorder • Seizures ... • Psychosis • Seizures ... , lymphopenia, low
Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS)
Classified among the secondary or acquired forms of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH)

What?
A subset of
Macrophage Activation Syndrome ... inflammatory disease How ... lupus erythematosus ... lupus erythematosus ... 10,000 ng/mL • Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia (<135 mEq/L) is a common electrolyte abnormality caused by an excess of total body water
Hyponatremia (<135 ... asymptomatic to seizures ... stimulated in states of low ... renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ... activated in states of low
Vasculitis and Vasculitides - Differential Diagnosis Framework

When to Consider Vasculitis:
 • Purpura, ischemic skin lesions
 •
ischemia - Skin: erythematous ... • Cogan Syndrome ... lupus erythematosus ... • Complement (Low ... #rheumatology #classification
Cryoglobulinemia Summary

Cryoglobulins:
 • Cryoglobulins are Igs in the serum that precipitate in vitro at temperatures below
activate the immune system ... factor level • Low ... disorder (e.g. systemic ... lupus erythematosus ... diagnosis #types #classification
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Heat Cramps:
 • Muscle pain or spasm -
Dehydration - Loss of sodium ... conditions - Neurogenic ... heat illness → Hypernatremia ... EMERGENCY • Multi-system ... consciousness, Coma/seizure
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis

The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
of Circulatory System ... Heavy exercise - Seizures ... LV failure - Low ... - Compartment syndrome ... #typea #typeb #classification