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diagnosis differential nephrology treatment neurology causes hyponatremia pharmacology rhabdomyolysis algorithm anticonvulsants barre cardiology cerebritis cns correction diuresis diuretics edema encephalopathy
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Hypernatremia - ... insipidus (central or nephrogenic ... Hypervolemic: Conn syndrome ... , Cushing syndrome ... Algorithm #nephrology #sodium
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis and Treatment Hypernatremia is almost always due to unreplaced water loss (free water
Hypernatremia - ... Diabetes Insipidus: neurogenic ... , nephrogenic 4 ... Diagnosis #Treatment #management ... #nephrology #sodium
Hyponatremia Correction 1. Indications for Hypertonic Saline: seizure, coma, focal findings - typically occurs with
Hyponatremia Correction ... Hypertonic Saline: seizure ... Overcorrection of Hyponatremia ... Demyelination Syndrome ... Correction #goal #rate #management
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis and Treatment Hyponatremia is usually caused by the inability to excrete water normally.
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis ... demyelination syndrome ... of symptomatic (seizures ... Diagnosis #Treatment #management ... #nephrology #sodium
Anticonvulsants as Mood Stabilizers: Mechanism and Side-effect Examples: Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine • Mild anticholinergic effect -> Drowsiness
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome ... -> Withdrawal seizure ... vomiting, diarrhea, hyponatremia ... #SideEffects #Pathophysiology
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework Heat Cramps: • Muscle pain or spasm -
Dehydration - Loss of sodium ... conditions - Neurogenic ... heat illness → Hypernatremia ... Collapse: • Pathophysiology ... consciousness, Coma/seizure
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome ... Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology ... : • Pathophysiology ... dysrhythmias, seizures ... TLS #diagnosis #management
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by: • Headache • Seizures • Altered mental
• Headache • Seizures ... • Headache • Seizures ... Etiology: • Pathophysiology ... Constipation, Seizures ... #diagnosis #management
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
disequilibrium syndrome ... irrigation • Management ... • Hyponatremia ... • Nephrogenic ... and euvolemic hyponatremia
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis and Management Summary Trauma: • Immobilization, Crush iniury, Compartment syndrome, Electrical injury Exertional: •
Diagnosis and Management ... iniury, Compartment syndrome ... exertion/training, Seizures ... Neuroleptic malignant syndrome ... Dermatomyositis) AKI - Pathophysiology
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