21 results
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
: Commonly no signs ... easily/weakness, Bone ... pain Psychiatric Symptoms ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Retinoblastoma: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Sporadic mutation -> One allele of RB1 tumor suppressor gene
Retinoblastoma Signs ... / Symptoms / Complications ... Pseudo-hypopyon • Secondary ... Retinoblastoma #pathophysiology ... #symptoms
Primary Hyperthyroidism - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Note: Although rare, gestational diseases can lead to thyrotoxicosis due
Secondary hyperthyroidism ... Signs/Symptoms: ... Hyperthyroidism #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency - Signs and Symptoms
 • Brain: Androgenization effects, Glucocorticoid effects,
Hydroxylase Deficiency - Signs ... and Symptoms • ... Early puberty, Secondary ... #Symptoms #diagnosis ... #endocrinology
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
Incr IGF1 • Bone ... activates lipolysis Signs ... /Symptoms: • GH ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Multiple Sclerosis - Summary

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system
Signs and symptoms ... McDonald diagnostic criteria ... progressive decline → Secondary ... objective evidence of neurologic ... diagnosis #management #neurology
NINDS Diagnostic Criteria for Guillain Barre Syndrome 
Features Required for Guillain-Barré Syndrome:
 • Progressive muscle weakness
NINDS Diagnostic Criteria ... weakness of more than one ... , Mild sensory symptoms ... or signs, Cranial ... #neurology #neuropathy
Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Urgency Urinary Incontinence (UUI) -> Urinary leakage preceded by a
; BOO (tumour, stone ... causing Decreased tone ... Incontinence #Mixed #Pathophysiology ... #Signs #Symptoms ... #Urology #Diagnosis
The Stages of Syphilis 

Primary Syphilis 
- The chancre lesion is the hallmark of primary syphilis.
Secondary Syphilis ... exposure to or symptoms ... have positive serology ... but do not meet criteria ... granuIomas on skin, bone
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
Causes of Secondary ... evaluation should be done ... hypertension and signs ... renal bruit or signs ... Vasculitis • Endocrinologic