200 results
Kidney stone type, corresponding urine sediment, urinary risk factors, and associated clinical settings.
#Diagnosis #Nephrology #Urine #Microscopy
Types #Morphology #Composition ... #Shapes #Table
Calculating Plasma Osmolality and Osmolal Gap

Calculated Osmolality = 2 x Na  + Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8
Calculating Plasma Osmolality ... Calculated Osmolality ... Gap = Calculated Osmolality ... - Measured Osmolality ... Causes of Elevated
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
Comparison Composition ... of 9 kcal/L Composition ... 154 mEq/L • Osmolarity ... shift • Saline Causes ... • Saline May Cause
Choose Your Fluid: Crystalloid Comparison Chart:
Plasma vs Plasma-Lyte, Saline (.45%, 0.9%, 2%, 3%), D5W, Ringer's Lactate,
#crystalloids #composition ... contents #comparison #table
REBEL Review 70: Fluid Composition - Colloids and Crystalloids

Colloids: Dextran, Gelatin - Crystalloids: Normal Saline, Ringer's
Review 70: Fluid Composition ... Bicarbonate Osmolarity ... crystalloids #colloids #composition ... contents #comparison #table
Hyponatremia (<135 mEq/L) is a common electrolyte abnormality caused by an excess of total body water
electrolyte abnormality caused ... Measuring the serum osmolality ... among the possible causes ... lower than 80% in cases ... in blood urea causes
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L
High
Causes of Hypernatremia ... /L High Urine Osmolality ... glucosuria Low Urine Osmolality ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Crystalloid Compositon - Normal Saline, Lactated Ringers, PlasmaLyte
#Pharmacology #Crystalloids #Contents #Comparison #Table #Normosol #Plasmalyte #LactatedRingers #NormalSaline
Crystalloid Compositon ... Contents #Comparison #Table
Crystalloid Composition - Normal Saline, Ringer's Lactate, Hartmann's Solution, PlasmaLyte

Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- 
Acetate 
Lactate 
Gluconate 
Bicarbonate
Crystalloid Composition ... Bicarbonate Osmolarity ... #Crystalloids #Composition
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Polyuria - Urine Output > 3L/day, Increased Urine Volume (>2ml/min)
Osmotic
Causes of Polyuria ... Diuresis Urine Osmolality ... > Serum Osmolality ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes