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Some of the techniques used for Antenatal Diagnosis

Amniocentesis 
 - Chromosome/micro-array and DNA analysis 
 -
— PCR Fetal blood ... serology - Fetal ... blood transfusion ... (PGD) - In vitro ... transfusion syndrome
CNS Ring-Enhancing Lesions - Immunocompromised vs Immunocompetent
Multiple Ring-Enhancing Lesions:
 • Toxoplasmosis (CD4 < 100)
 • Other
Chorioretinitis • Diagnosis ... - Compatible syndrome ... skin lesions, LAD ... #causes #radiology ... #neurology
Campylobacter
Clinical 
 • Fever 
 • Abdominal pain 
 • Diarrhea (bloody stools) 
 • Vomiting
• Diarrhea (bloody ... Guillain-Barré syndrome ... • Supportive (infection ... Antibiotics for severe disease ... Campylobacter #Diagnosis
Hematuria in Post-Renal Transplant Patient
Prevalence up to 12% in the postrenal transplant patient
 • Bacterial: Escherichia
, Busulfan • Disease ... (Goodpasture's syndrome ... #differential #diagnosis ... #kidney #blood ... #urine #management
Supracondylar Elbow Fracture
• Most common elbow fracture in children, peak age 5-7 
• When looking at
anterior sail sign ... posterior fat pad ... ), compartment syndrome ... #XRay #Diagnosis ... #MSK
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations
Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
Urinary Casts and Disease ... Red blood cell ... Urinary tract infections ... Fatty - Nephrotic syndrome ... Differential #Microscopy #Diagnosis
Cold Agglutinin Disease

3 Types of Cold Sensitive Antibodies:
  1. Cold Agglutinins (CAD)
  2. Donath-Landsteiner
Cold Agglutinin Syndrome ... Diagnosis: • hemolytic ... Immunoglobulin M (IgM) • Blood ... Differential Diagnosis ... sensitize red blood
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
urine • 1ml blood ... basement membrane disease ... hematuria • Signs ... of glomerular disease ... #urine #blood
Algorithm for the Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea (< 7 days)
Exclude:
1. Causes of acute diarrhea
2. Lactose intolerance
3.
Parasitic infections ... Systemic disease ... leukocytes and occult blood ... Chronic #Diarrhea #management ... algorithm #workup #diagnosis
Extra-articular and Other Conditions Associated with Joint Pain

Eyes
  • Iritis or uveitis - Spondyloarthropathies, Sarcoidosis,
Bacterial or viral infection ... - SLE Neurologic ... Vasculitis (e.g., PAN ... arteritis • Bloody ... #differential #diagnosis