13 results
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting, NGT
Primary Metabolic ... Cl-: Vomiting, ... NGT suction, Low Cl ... Cl-: Diuretics, ... Liddle syndrome #Primary
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Cl-: Vomiting, ... NGT suction, Low Cl ... Cl-: Diuretics, ... #Nephrology #Causes
Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis of Macroscopic Hematuria
Important Historical Elements:
- Painless: suggests malignancy
- Painful: suggests calculi/infection
- Urinalysis:
Algorithm and Differential ... RBC’s, RBC/WBC casts ... throughout (upper urinary ... Diagnosis #EM #IM ... #Ddxof
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
- Urinary Chloride ... Algorithm Cl- ... Kidney loss of Cl ... #Urinary #Chloride ... #urine #Algorithm
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Urinary Chloride
 • Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
- Urinary Chloride ... • Cl- responsive ... Kidney loss of Cl ... - Loss of Cl ... #causes #urinary
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypertensive:
 • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism
 • High Al, High
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... , Low R - Primary ... Normotensive: • UCl ... Post-hypercapnia • UCl ... #nephrology #causes
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm ... A urine K/Cr ratio ... mEq/g suggests urinary ... ↑ Aldosterone: Primary ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Approach to Elevated Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Risk Factors for Hypercapnea? (Hx of COPD, OSA, sedative use, CNS/muscular disorders?)
(+)
Gas) (-) Likely Metabolic ... Alkalosis Urine ... Cl > 20 (Saline ... Mineralocorticoid • Primary ... #alkalosis #algorithm
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Cl-: Vomiting, ... NGT suction, Low Cl ... Cl-: Diuretics, ... #Nephrology #Causes
UROLITHIASIS 

80% of stones are composed of calcium oxalate or phosphate. Others include uric acid (9%),
increases the urinary ... related to low urinary ... pH, and low urinary ... These mutations cause ... hydronephrosis # hematuria