121 results
Approach to the A-a Gradient
A-a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2
A-a gradient = [FiO2 x (Patm -
Hypoventilation Syndrome ... Intracardiac, Pulmonary ... Hepatopulmonary Syndrome ... V/Q Mismatch: Pulmonary ... , Atelectasis, Pulmonary
Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
type of hypoxia) PIO2 ... O2 is inspired) PAO2 ... Low SvO2 → Low PaO2 ... Hypoxemia #summary #pulmonary ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure - Differential Diagnosis Framework
DECREASED INSPIRED OXYGEN
 • Low PATM Can decrease first part
HYPOVENTILATION • Rising PaCO2 ... obesity-hypoventilation syndrome ... lung diseases, pulmonary ... asthma, COPD, pulmonary ... hepatopulmonary syndrome
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
7.35-7.45 • PaCO2 ... 35-45 mmHg • PaO2 ... Metabolic: pH pCO2 ... D-lactate (short bowel syndrome ... Classically” noted with pulmonary
Berlin Criteria for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 
- Respiratory symptoms must have begun within one
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ... consistent with pulmonary ... lung collapse, or pulmonary ... - 200 mm Hg < PaO2 ... Respiratory #Distress #Syndrome
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – ARDS: Clinical Cheat Sheet

An acute diffuse, inflammatory lung injury, leading to
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ... leading to increased pulmonary ... consistent with pulmonary ... on CT or CXR ● PaO2 ... RespiratoryDistress #Syndrome
Causes of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Environmental:
 • Toxin (organic solvents, mercury, lead)
 •
Causes of Recurrent ... Antiphospholipid syndrome ... hyperthyroidism • PCOS ... • Asherman's Syndrome ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Cystic Lung Disease
Upper Lobe Predominant: 
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Pneumocystis Jiroveci, Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Paracoccidioidomycosis,
Ehlers-danlos Syndrome ... (LCDD), Cystic Pulmonary ... Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #pulmonary
Dyspnea - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Cardiovascular Causes of Dyspnea:
 • Myocardium:
	- Heart failure
	- CAD/ACS
	- Valvulopathy
 • Electrical:
	-
Cardiovascular Causes ... - Tamponade Pulmonary ... Vasculature: - PE - Pulmonary ... Hepatopulmonary syndrome ... #pulmonary
Causes of Pleural Effusion - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Transudate - Hydrostatic
 • Congestive heart failure
 • Constrictive
Causes of Pleural ... • Nephrotic syndrome ... Malignancy • Pulmonary ... Pleural #Effusion #Pulmonary ... Algorithm #Hepatology #causes