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Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
O2 is inspired) PAO2 ... hypoxia) - Low PaO2 ... Low SvO2 → Low PaO2 ... Low SvO2 → Low PaO2 ... summary #pulmonary #differential
Markers of Organ Dysfunction in Severe Sepsis 
Altered consciousness 
Confusion 
Psychosis 

Tachycardia 
Hypotension 
Altered CVP 
Altered
Altered CVP Altered PAOP ... Tachypnoea PaO2 ... <70mmHg SaO2 < ... 90% PaO2/FiO2 300% ... Severe #Sepsis #CriticalCare
Approach to the A-a Gradient
A-a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2
A-a gradient = [FiO2 x (Patm -
A-a gradient = PAO2 ... - PaO2 A-a gradient ... /0.8)] - PaO2 Simplified ... /0.8)] - PaO2 Normal ... Hypoxia #hypoxemia #differential
Acid Base Disorders Worksheet

Step 1: Gather the necessary data (Na+, CI-, HCO3-, PH, pCO2). Preferably, all
Acid Base Disorders ... CI-, HCO3-, PH, pCO2 ... diagnoses using the differentials ... joshsteinbergMD #Acid #Base ... Worksheet #diagnosis #differential
Acid-Base Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Acidemia (pH < 7.35)
 • Metabolic Acidosis (HCO3 < 24mmol/L) CO2
Acid-Base Disorders ... - Differential ... Respiratory Acidosis (pCO2 ... Respiratory Alkalosis (pCO2 ... AcidBase #Disorders #Differential
Acid-Base Balance & ABG Normal Ranges Visualization #AcidBase #ABG #Medicine #Physiology #CriticalCare
Base Excess BE -2 to
Acid-Base Balance ... Medicine #Physiology #CriticalCare ... Base Excess BE ... metabolic acidosis), paCO2 ... HCO3+Cl) 10-18 paO2
Acid-Base Balance & ABG Normal Ranges Visualization #AcidBase #ABG #Medicine #Physiology #CriticalCare
Base Excess BE -2 to
Acid-Base Balance ... Medicine #Physiology #CriticalCare ... Base Excess BE ... metabolic acidosis), paCO2 ... HCO3+Cl) 10-18 paO2
PLACO Mnemonic - Approach to Acid-Base Disorders
P - Determine the pH
L - Labs: PCO2 & HCO3
A
Approach to Acid-Base ... pH L - Labs: PCO2 ... AcidBase #Acid #Base
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Acid Base Disorders ... Differentials? ... 35-45 mmHg • PaO2 ... bloodgas #Acid #Base ... #Gas #VBG #differential
Approach to Acid Base Disorders - Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis
1) Start with the Anion Gap (AG).
2)
Approach to Acid Base ... Evaluation and Differential ... and ~5 mmHg to pCO2 ... Differential Diagnosis ... Evaluation #workup #Differential