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Characteristics of Selected Pneumonias

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Gram-positive diplococci. 
Haemophilus influenzae. Pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacilli. 
Staphylococcus aureus. Plump
Gram-negative rods ... monocytes; no bacteria ... Few PMNs; no bacteria ... Diagnosis #Comparison #Table ... #Presentation #Pulmonary
Causes of Cough and Hemoptysis
Acute Inflammation 
 - Laryngitis 
 - Tracheobronchitis 
 - Mycoplasma and
Pneumonias - Bacterial ... Bronchiectasis - Pulmonary ... Tuberculosis - Lung Abscess ... Mitral Stenosis - Pulmonary ... Differential #Causes #Table
Lung Abscess - Diagnosis and Management Summary

Lung Abscess Etiology:
 • Necrosis of lung parenchyma by a
decubitus - air fluid ... shows a small, stable ... Pathogens: • Aerobic Bacteria ... • Anaerobic Bacteria ... #pulmonary #differential
Cardiac Tamponade - Guidelines for Crises in Anaesthesia
Caused by an accumulation of blood, pus, effusion fluid
pus, effusion fluid ... pericardiocentesis kit (eg 18G Luer ... measures: • Fluid ... pericardiocentesis, re-assess ... Cardiac #Tamponade #Anesthesiology
Tuberculosis Overview

10 million new M. tuberculosis infections/year
Facultative intracellular rod-shaped bacteria
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) accounts for 4.6% of
intracellular rod-shaped ... bacteria Multidrug-resistant ... emboli • Lung abscess ... Response: • Most bacteria ... lung disease, bacteremia
Tuberculosis Overview

10 million new M. tuberculosis infections/year
Facultative intracellular rod-shaped bacteria
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) accounts for 4.6% of
intracellular rod-shaped ... bacteria Multidrug-resistant ... emboli • Lung abscess ... Response: • Most bacteria ... lung disease, bacteremia
Preoperative Risk Evaluation

Major Pre-Op Questions:
1. Does the patient have any modifiable risk factors that could be
Assess functional ... status - Able ... any evidence of fluid ... murmur 3/6) - Pulmonary ... days before Pulmonary
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis

The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
treatments include fluid ... assessment - assess ... output - Acute pulmonary ... - Sepsis - Bacterial
Emergency Evacuation  - Guidelines for Crises in Anaesthesia
Anaesthetised or sedated patient requires unplanned transfer because
Transfer on operating table ... security of i.v access ... adequate supplies of fluid ... remember mains cable ... Patient #Evacuation #Anesthesiology