1393 results
Gitelman Syndrome - Management
Treatment includes
 - Electrolyte replacement - K & Mg, preferably Cl salts
Gitelman Syndrome ... preferably Cl salts ... food - Liberal salt ... SRameshMD #Gitelman #Syndrome
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
corticoid deficiency, Salt-losing ... diuresis, Cerebral salt ... wasting syndrome ... Stress, Drugs, Syndrome ... • Nephrotic syndrome
Classification of Jaundice
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (predominantly indirect bilirubin)
 • Increased bilirubin production (eg, hemolytic anemias, hemolytic reactions,
Crigler-Najjar syndrome ... Hereditary Cholestatic Syndromes ... Dubin-Johnson syndrome ... , Rotor syndrome ... coding for bile salt
Hypermagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism
Renal Failure 
Excessive Mg Administration 
 - Massive PO intake
Overdose of Epsom salts ... - Tumor lysis syndrome
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
- Nephrotic syndrome ... Mineralocorticoid deficit - Salt-losing
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Gitelman Syndrome ... Pathophysiology Gitelman Syndrome ... autosomal recessive salt-losing ... dr_missyhanna #Gitelman #Syndrome
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Hypervolemic (Excess salt ... Hypervolemic: Conn syndrome ... , Cushing syndrome
Refeeding Syndrome: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Patients at Risk of Refeeding Syndrome:
 - Little or no nutritional
Refeeding Syndrome ... Risk of Refeeding Syndrome ... glucose, fluid, salt ... Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome ... #Refeeding #Syndrome
Cancer agents and Electrolyte Disorders
 • Hypocalcemia: Cisplatin from Low Mg, Cetuximab- due to low Mg
Axitinib,
Ifosfamide - Fanconi syndrome ... Cisplatin- renal salt ... Ifosfamide - Fanconi syndrome
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm
Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... osmostat, Cerebral salt