17 results
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Urinary Chloride
 • Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
loop or thiazide diuretics ... pressure: Active diuretic ... use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... #urinary #chloride
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting, NGT
Primary Metabolic ... intake, Diuretics ... -: Diuretics, Bartter ... Syndrome, Gitelman ... #Primary #Metabolic
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... ), Primary hyperaldosteronism ... , Bartter's syndrome ... syndrome (mimics ... excess and related syndromes
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... intake, Diuretics ... -: Diuretics, Bartter ... Syndrome, Gitelman ... Syndrome Volume
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
SAME, Cushing Syndrome ... secreting tumor, Primary ... Loop and thiazide diuretics ... , Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrom
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism

Decreased GI Uptake 
 - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
inhibitors - Primary ... Loop and thiazide diuretics ... - Osmotic diuresis ... Mg wasting syndromes ... syndrome -
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
- Urinary Chloride ... loop or thiazide diuretics ... use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... #Urinary #Chloride
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome ... with thiazide diuretic ... Surreptitious diuretic ... #nephrology #management ... #pathophysiology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... Thiazide or loop diuretics ... diuretic effect ... > 20 meq/L • Primary ... Thiazide or loop diuretics
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
Causes of Hypokalemia ... starts by measuring urinary ... either secondary or primary ... Post-hypercapnia • Diuretics ... , Gitelman's syndrome