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differential causes hyperkalemia algorithm nephrology adrenal medications acidosis aniongap binders binding classification cosyntropin druginduced edema effects lactated lr management metabolic
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
patients with hypokalemia ... the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ... creatinine) • Cell shift ... #urine #potassium ... differential #algorithm #diagnosis
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Diagnosis Framework ... phlebotomy High ... Intracellular Shift ... deficiency • Renal insufficiency ... #high #nephrology
Adrenal Insufficiency Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Clinical suspicion: Weakness, fatigue, nausea, musculoskeletal pain, dizziness, volume depletion, abdominal pain,
Differential Diagnosis ... hyponatremia, hyperkalemia ... likely: • High ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Algorithm #endocrinology
Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia • Direct renin inhibitor (Aliskiren) • Renin release inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers)
of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia ... • Increased EC shift ... #differential #diagnosis ... pathophysiology #pharmacology ... #potassium #medications
Potassium-Binding Agents to Treat Hyperkalemia Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (Lokelma): • Mechanism: Preferentially captures K in exchange for
Potassium-Binding ... patients sensitive to high ... of aspiration #Potassium ... #medications #pharmacology ... #table #comparison
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Diagnosis Framework ... phlebotomy High ... Intracellular Shift ... deficiency • Renal insufficiency ... #high #nephrology
Adrenal Insufficiency Diagnosis Algorithm Clinical features: - Weight loss, anorexia, Weakness, fatigue, GI distress - Hypotension,
Diagnosis Algorithm ... Hyperpigmented skin (due to high ... Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia ... eosinophilia Diagnostic ... Stimulation #StimTest #Endocrinology
Hyperkalemia - Management Algorithm • IV calcium • IV insulin and glucose and/or salbutamolt • Consider
Hyperkalemia - Management ... Dialysis Serum potassium ... blocks, QRS axis shift ... #potassium #high ... #diagnosis #management
Causes of Hypokalemia Hypokalemia results from abnormal losses, transcellular shifts, or insufficient intake (Table 1).6–8 Abnormal losses
transcellular shifts ... , or insufficient ... significantly lower potassium ... decreased intake, insufficient ... hospitalized patients #Diagnosis
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 Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Acidosis Causes of High-anion ... (with renal insufficiency ... Potassium-sparing ... #differential #diagnosis
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