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diagnosis differential ophthalmology clinical hyperkalemia hemorrhage ultrasound vitreous high management algorithm comparison conjunctivitis effects eye hypokalemia lactated low lr normal
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options Stabilize cardiac membrane: • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes) Decrease potassium concentration: • IV Fluids Shift
minutes) Decrease potassium ... • IV Fluids Shift ... (if preserved renal ... peaks 1-2h) • Blood ... #nephrology
Retinal Detachment on Ocular POCUS 61yo male with painless visual loss right eye. Ocular POCUS reveals...? Great
Retinal Detachment ... on Ocular POCUS ... Ocular POCUS reveals ... Great POCUS case ... #Detachment #Ocular
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 Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Crush injury • Blood ... Intracellular Shift ... Blood transfusion ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Crush injury • Blood ... Intracellular Shift ... Blood transfusion ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... suggests extra-renal ... causes • Laxative ... losses: • High Blood ... #nephrology #low
Red Eye - Differential Diagnosis Framework What? Redness in the eye can be caused by many conditions and
to irritation, blood ... or swelling of blood ... Episcleritis Ocular ... detachment • Central ... Conjunctivitis #ocular
Causes of Hyperkalemia Pseudohyperkalemia - Tourniquet use - Hemolysis (in vitro) - Leukocytosis - Thrombocytosis Intra- to extracellular
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... shift - Acidosis ... Transfusion of aged blood ... excretion - Renal ... #Hyperkalemia #Causes
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison Composition of LR: • Sodium 130 mEq/L •
130 mEq/L • Potassium ... transcellular shift ... • Saline Causes ... blood flow and ... • Saline May Cause
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Management Summary Causes ... UA positive for blood ... Shift of extracellular ... Monitor potassium ... #treatment #nephrology
Vitreous Hemorrhage on Ocular POCUS What is the leading cause of this pathology in patients under 40
POCUS What is ... the leading cause ... The most common cause ... ultrasound include retinal ... and vitreous detachment
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