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diagnosis differential hypokalemia algorithm causes classes pathophysiology pharmacology antiarrhythmics hypomagnesemia antiarrhythmic gitelman high hyperkalemia management medications phases syndrome urine vaughan
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
Transcellular Shift ... vomiting) • Low ... Transcellular shifts ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology ... #low #potassium
Approach to Hypomagnesemia Fractional excretion of magnesium = (urine magnesium x serum creatinine)/ [0.7 (serum magnesium
= (urine magnesium ... intake, Gl loss, shift ... of magnesium into ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology ... #magnesium #low
Antiarrhythmic Drugs CLASS IA • Procainamide, Quinidine, Disopyramide CLASS 1B • Lidocaine, Mexiletine CLASS 2 • Propranolol, Esmolol CLASS 4
• Adenosine, Magnesium ... , Potassium # ... Medications #Classes #Classification ... #Pharmacology #cardiology
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ... creatinine) • Cell shift ... EABV, Low Plasma ... hypokalemia #urine #potassium ... algorithm #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... (K) & magnesium( ... consumption • Low ... #differential #potassium ... #nephrology #low
Antiarrhythmics - Vaughan Williams Classification: CLASS 1 - Sodium Channel Blockers: • MOA: Block fast Na+ channels
Vaughan Williams Classification ... repolarization CLASS 3 - Potassium ... inotropy) ACCP Cardiology ... #Pharmacology #Classification ... pathophysiology #cardiology
Causes of Hypomagnesemia • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
osmotic diuresis, Potassium ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology ... #magnesium #low
Antiarrhythmics Pharmacology Summary Cardiac Conduction Phases: Phase 0 - Ventricular Depolarization: • Na+ channels open leading to a
Vaughan Williams Classification ... repolarization CLASS 3 - Potassium ... inotropy) ACCP Cardiology ... #Pharmacology #Classification ... pathophysiology #phases #cardiology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Decreased intake (rare cause in isolation) GI loss - Urine loss
Transcellular shift ... Gittelman's syndrome • Magnesium ... artery stenosis Low ... Hyperaldosteronism Low ... #Hypokalemia #Nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia I. Decreased intake A. Starvation B. Clay ingestion II. Redistribution into
Increased distal flow ... Increased secretion of potassium ... Magnesium deficiency ... Differential #Diagnosis #Low ... #Potassium #Classification
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