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diagnosis causes nephrology algorithm hyperkalemia hypokalemia treatment high rhabdomyolysis comparison criticalcare druginduced effects encephalopathy foamed gitelman lactated low lr medications
Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia • Direct renin inhibitor (Aliskiren) • Renin release inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers)
• Increased EC shift ... Benyzlpenicillin, blood ... #hyperkalemia #differential ... #pharmacology # ... potassium #medications
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Increased Loss - Increased GI Loss - Increased Urinary
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Transcellular Shift ... - Refeeding Syndrome ... Algorithm #causes #potassium ... #low #pathophysiology
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ... creatinine) • Cell shift ... effective arterial blood ... hypokalemia #urine #potassium ... #differential #
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis and Management Summary Trauma: • Immobilization, Crush iniury, Compartment syndrome, Electrical injury Exertional: •
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential ... Diagnosis and Management ... Dermatomyositis) AKI - Pathophysiology ... Shift of extracellular ... Monitor potassium
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... Crush injury • Blood ... Intracellular Shift ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... Blood transfusion
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... Crush injury • Blood ... Intracellular Shift ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... Blood transfusion
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential ... Framework and Management ... UA positive for blood ... Shift of extracellular ... Monitor potassium
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison Composition of LR: • Sodium 130 mEq/L •
130 mEq/L • Potassium ... Can give with blood ... - Citrate in blood ... transcellular shift ... NS #comparison #pharmacology
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by: • Headache • Seizures • Altered mental
Hypertensive emergency, Blood ... Etiology: • Pathophysiology ... Reversible course Differential ... elevated white blood ... #diagnosis #management
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
Normal or low blood ... ratio 0.5%) Differential ... Supplement: • Potassium ... diagnosis #nephrology #management ... #pathophysiology
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