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Here’s a review of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS)

This is a very common pathway that clinicians should
while retaining sodium ... , which causes increased ... inhibiting drug classes ... result of excreting sodium ... because of the sodium
Digoxin Pharmacology and Pathophysiology
1) Na/K ATPase Pump - Digoxin works by directly binding to and inhibiting
this pump, those sodium ... intracellular sodium ... intracellular sodium ... exchanged for sodium ... intracellular calcium causes
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
Tuberculosis: can cause ... PRA • ↓ Serum sodium ... • ↑ Serum potassium ... ACTH • ↓ Serum sodium ... , potassium, AM
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
Composition of LR: • Sodium ... 130 mEq/L • Potassium ... 109 mEq/L • Sodium ... shift • Saline Causes ... • Saline May Cause
ACEI or ARB Initiation
Hyperkalemia:
 - Review concurrent drugs
 - Moderate potassium Intake
 - Consider: diuretics, sodium
drugs - Moderate potassium ... Consider: diuretics, sodium ... - Review for causes
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework
 • Cellular Shift:
   - Exercise
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... distal tubule sodium ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes ... #potassium #high
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
the indicated causes ... settings, the urine sodium ... the excretion of sodium ... and potassium acid
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Heat Cramps:
 • Muscle pain or spasm -
Dehydration - Loss of sodium ... /Potassium - Extreme ... Hyperventilation, Dizziness, Nausea ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Causes of Hyperkalemia
l. Pseudohyperkalemia
  A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis
  B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... the epithelial sodium ... the epithelial sodium ... Diagnosis #High #Potassium ... Classification #Causes
Causes of Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia is caused by excess potassium intake, impaired potassium excretion, or transcellular shifts. The
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Hyperkalemia is caused ... by excess potassium ... intake, impaired potassium ... rarely the sole cause