1646 results
Digoxin Pharmacology and Pathophysiology
1) Na/K ATPase Pump - Digoxin works by directly binding to and inhibiting
this pump, those sodium ... intracellular sodium ... intracellular sodium ... exchanged for sodium ... hypokalemia (or low
Management of Pediatric Kidney Stones
Acute Managment:
 • Pain relief: NSAIDs, opioids
 • Facilitating passage of stone:
protein - Low ... sodium diet ... oxalate food - Potassium ... alkalinisation: potassium ... alkalinization: potassium
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
PRA • ↓ Serum sodium ... • ↑ Serum potassium ... • Weakness • Low-grade ... ACTH • ↓ Serum sodium ... , potassium, AM
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
thiazide-sensitive sodium ... thiazide-sensitive sodium ... alkalosis • Normal or low ... Hypokalemia (renal potassium ... Supplement: • Potassium
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal/low ... settings, the urine sodium ... the excretion of sodium ... and potassium acid
Causes of Hyperkalemia
l. Pseudohyperkalemia
  A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis
  B.
the epithelial sodium ... the epithelial sodium ... Drug-associated: heparin, low-molecular-weight ... Diagnosis #High #Potassium
Here’s a review of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS)

This is a very common pathway that clinicians should
aldosterone which does a lot ... with excreting potassium ... while retaining sodium ... result of excreting sodium ... because of the sodium
Hyperkalemia Management
Membrane Stabilizers:
 • Calcium gluconate
Shifters:
 • Insulin + glucose
 • Albuterol
Excreters:
 • Furosemide
 • Sodium
Furosemide • Sodium ... bicarbonate • Sodium ... Management #Treatment #Potassium
True Hyponatremia Differential Algorithm

Instead (or in addition) of volume status examination, check urine sodium and serum
examination, check urine sodium ... acid: - Urine sodium ... low, uric acid ... hyponatremia - Urine sodium ... and uric acid low
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options
Stabilize cardiac membrane:
 • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes)
Decrease potassium concentration:
 • IV Fluids
Shift
minutes) Decrease potassium ... Fluids Shift potassium ... 90 minutes) • Sodium ... bicarbonate Potassium ... Hyperkalemia #management #potassium