13 results
Causes of HyperKalemia - Differential Diagnosis
Increased extracellular K+:
 • Tissue injury
 • Hemolysis
 • Rhabdomyolysis
 •
Causes of HyperKalemia ... K+: • Tissue injury ... glycosides • High ... acute iatrogenic ... blockers - MCW Nephrology
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Pre-Renal:
 • Hypovolemia, Cardiorenal, Distributive Shock, HRS, Hypercalcemia, Renal
Acute Kidney Injury ... Distributive Shock, HRS, Hypercalcemia ... Compartment Syndrome, Medications ... #Kidney #Injury ... #causes #algorithm
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
tubular cells - Acute ... tubular injury ... - Up to 3 per high-power ... horsfall protein indicating ... acute tubular injury
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
phlebotomy High ... • Trauma/Crush injury ... Medications 2. ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
increased lability ... heart failure, neurologic ... kidney injury). ... Neurologic disorders ... Differential #Diagnosis #indications
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Heat Cramps:
 • Muscle pain or spasm -
sweat Heat Injury ... Exhaustion: • Inability ... High body temperatures ... Irritability, Emotional instability ... Hypocalcemia - Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
phlebotomy High ... • Trauma/Crush injury ... Medications 2. ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
states such as acute ... Is Dangerous in Hyperkalemia ... densa receives high ... • Saline May Cause ... Hemodynamic Instability
Posterior Knee Dislocation Injury
Specifically, POSTERIOR KNEE DISLOCATIONS can have significant associated injury that needs unique approach
DISLOCATION: ~25% cases ... Neurologic deficit ... Neurologic injuries ... syndrome risk high ... CLINICAL: instability
Blood Transfusion Reactions

Immune Mediated:
 • Febrile Non-Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (FNHTR): Most common immune reaction to transfusion.
Acute Hemolytic ... Lung Injury (TRALI ... High mortality. ... Hypocalcemia, Hyperkalemia ... develop due to inability