13 results
Spondylolysis & Spondylolisthesis: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Pars interarticularis stress fracture (spondylolysis) - most frequently in the
interarticularis stress ... S1 => Weakened stability ... Spondylolisthesis #MSK ... #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Maculopapular - Diagnostic Algorithm
Pathophysiology:
- Catch-all term with a wide range of potential pathophysiologic mechanisms and causative
Maculopapular - Diagnostic ... Ill-appearing, vital sign ... instability - ... Immunocompromised #Diagnosis ... Targetoid #Algorithm #Differential
Femoral Head Fracture: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Posterior hip dislocation -> Impaction force from femoral
onto lateral hip Signs ... Complications: • Inability ... FemoralHead #Fractures #msk ... #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Heat Cramps:
 • Muscle pain or spasm -
Collapse: • Pathophysiology ... → Syncope • Signs ... Exhaustion: • Inability ... environmental heat stress ... Irritability, Emotional instability
Metformin Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA) 

Pathophysiology of MALA
 - Metformin interferes with the activity of the
Acidosis (MALA) Pathophysiology ... anaerobic metabolism Diagnosis ... gastrointestinal distress ... - hemodynamic instability ... #Management
Etiologies of Folate Deficiency
 • Decreased dietary intake - uncommon in this era
 • Increased requirements
Alcoholics have an inability ... mobilize folate stores ... depleted tissue stores ... deficiency #FolicAcid #differential ... #diagnosis #hematology
Scaphoid Fractures
The scaphoid is the most commonly fractured carpal bone. Remember, if a fracture is suspected
lead to carpal instability ... dislocation • ED Management ... Radiology #XRay #Diagnosis ... #Management #Orthopedics ... #Sports #MSK
Humeral Avulsion of the Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament (HAGL)
 • Imaging Findings:
 • Large defect of the
anterior shoulder instability ... Differential diagnosis ... GAGL): "Reverse J sign ... clinical #Radiology #diagnosis ... #msk
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis and Treatment
Hyponatremia is usually caused by the inability to excrete water normally.
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis ... caused by the inability ... Then, ask 3 questions ... #Diagnosis #Treatment ... #management #nephrology
There are similarities and differences between these 3 conditions which all carry treatment implications. Each mimic
breakdown of glycogen stores ... drastically elevates the stress ... with circulating stress ... #diagnosis #differential ... #algorithm #management