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Eosinophils (Eos) and hypereosinophilia (HE)
Caused by eosinophilopoietic cytokines
Common causes:
 - Drug reaction
 - Helminth infection
 -
hypereosinophilia (HE) Caused ... cytokines Common causes ... disease Rare causes ... : - B or T cell ... CD3-CD4+ T cells
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Transcellular Shift Into Cells ... - Increased Cell ... imports K+ into cells ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
• Epithelial cells ... Renal tubular cells ... Dysmorphic red cells ... casts - Diagnostic ... • Hyaline casts
Type IV Hypersensitivity: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Definition: Unique because it is entirely T-Cell mediated; exposure to
is entirely T-Cell ... exposure to allergen causes ... allergen-specific T-Cell ... exposure, because T-Cell ... harmful -> Th Cells
Acute Kidney Injury - Differential Diagnosis Framework
PRERENAL:
 - Intrarenal vasoconstriction-hemodynamically mediated
 - Systemic vasodilation
 - Volume
Glomerular (red blood cells ... eosinophils/white blood cell ... casts on UA) - ... (renal tubular cell ... treating underlying cause
Features of a Sickle Cell Crisis 
Sickle-cell disease - an autosomal recessive blood disorder.
Characterized by red
Features of a Sickle Cell ... Crisis Sickle-cell ... These cells can ... Crises can be precipitated ... Sickle cell disease
Summary table of types of hypersensitivity reactions. 
Type 1
 - Mediators: lgE
 - Antigen Form: Soluble
Allergen-specific lgE causes ... mast-cell degranulation ... antibodies bind to cell ... Form: Soluble/cell ... T-cells recruit
Leukemias Overview: ALL, CML, AML, APML, CLL

Acute leukemias > 20% blasts in the peripheral blood smear
lymphadenopathy • Blast cells ... marrow • Mature B-cell ... involvement • T-cell ... Rapidly rising blast cells ... -> AML: Blast crises
Schistocytes can assume a shape resembling natural or man-made objects such as arrowheads, fish, collar buttons,
In this case, arrows ... point to helmet cells ... are a teardrop cell ... , 2 blister cells ... ), and 2 burr cells
Causes of Ovarian Mass - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hyperplastic:
 • Polycystic ovary
 • Endometrioid cyst
Functional:
 • Follicular
Causes of Ovarian ... cystadenoma Germ Cell ... • Granulosa cell ... • Granulosa cell ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes