9 results
Primary and Secondary Causes of Mitral Regurgitation
Primary (organic) chronic mitral regurgitation:
 • Leaflet: Rheumatic fever, Infective
), Spontaneous rupture ... rupture • Papillary ... Papillary muscle rupture ... #diagnosis #cardiology ... #causes #primary
Endocarditis checklist
Initial evaluation
 • Peripheral blood cultures (three sets at three different sites)
 • Additional culture
• Additional culture ... for metastatic infection ... regurgitation or fistula ... Obtain single blood culture ... metastatic foci of infection
Blood Culture-Negative Infective Endocarditis (BCNIE)
Definition: No etiology found after 3 separate blood cultures remain negative for
Blood Culture-Negative ... • Infection with ... special media) • Infection ... - Standard culture ... #diagnosis #differential
Endocarditis Summary

Who?
Infectious:
• Pre-existing valvular disease
• Prosthetic valve
• Congenital heart disease
• IV substance use
• IV catheter
• Recent
Culture (+): ... • Coagulase-negative ... staphylococci Culture ... #diagnosis #management ... #cardiology
Colovesical Fistula on Cystoscopy
A 72-year-old woman presented to the urology clinic with a 2-week history of
to the urology clinic ... tract infection ... bacteria, and a urine culture ... confirmed the diagnosis ... Causes of colovesical
Endocarditis - Overview and Differential Diagnosis Framework

Who?
Infectious:
• Pre-existing valvular disease
• Prosthetic valve
• Congenital heart disease
• IV
and Differential ... Culture Positive ... staphylococci Culture ... that may lead to infarction ... Diagnosis #cardiology
Causes of Primary and Functional Mitral Regurgitation (MR) 
Causes of primary mitral regurgitation
 - Rheumatic heart
Causes of Primary ... Infective/marantic endocarditis ... MV chordae may rupture ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #Cardiology
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy - Summary
1. Definition
 • Towards the end of pregnancy to 5 months postpartum
Differential Diagnosis ... infarction • ... recommend against future ... • During a future ... #management #cardiology
CNS Infections - Viral Encephalitis and Bacterial Meningitis - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Viral Encephalitis:
MCC: Enteroviruses (e.g., coxsackievirus
CNS Infections - ... • Common clinical ... can present with primarily ... in 60%-90% • Culture ... by CSF or urine culture