8 results
Primary and Secondary Causes of Mitral Regurgitation
Primary (organic) chronic mitral regurgitation:
 • Leaflet: Rheumatic fever, Infective
), Spontaneous rupture ... rupture • Papillary ... Papillary muscle rupture ... #diagnosis #cardiology ... #causes #primary
Endocarditis checklist
Initial evaluation
 • Peripheral blood cultures (three sets at three different sites)
 • Additional culture
Endocarditis checklist ... • Additional culture ... for metastatic infection ... Obtain single blood culture ... metastatic foci of infection
Blood Culture-Negative Infective Endocarditis (BCNIE)
Definition: No etiology found after 3 separate blood cultures remain negative for
Blood Culture-Negative ... Infective Endocarditis ... • Infection with ... special media) • Infection ... #workup #infectiousdiseases
Endocarditis Summary

Who?
Infectious:
• Pre-existing valvular disease
• Prosthetic valve
• Congenital heart disease
• IV substance use
• IV catheter
• Recent
Culture (+): ... • Coagulase-negative ... staphylococci Culture ... #diagnosis #management ... #cardiology
Endocarditis - Overview and Differential Diagnosis Framework

Who?
Infectious:
• Pre-existing valvular disease
• Prosthetic valve
• Congenital heart disease
• IV
Culture Positive ... staphylococci Culture ... that may lead to infarction ... Diagnosis #cardiology ... #infectiousdiseases
Causes of Primary and Functional Mitral Regurgitation (MR) 
Causes of primary mitral regurgitation
 - Rheumatic heart
Causes of Primary ... mitral stenosis - Infective ... /marantic endocarditis ... MV chordae may rupture ... #Differential #
CNS Infection in HIV / AIDS - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Principles of HIV-Associated CNS Opportunistic Infections:
 •
CNS Infection in ... should be based on clinical ... Demyelinating disease caused ... specific and <25% culture ... opportunistic #InfectiousDiseases
Mycoses

HISTOPLASMOSIS
• Inhalation of conidia → Yeast → travel to lymph nodes → spread in body
• Bird
50% in chronic infection ... weeks for acute infection ... pulmonary infection ... • Confirmed by culture ... Diagnosis: • Culture