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The GFR Clock for Staging CKD

Staging CKD is most frequently done by calculating the estimated glomerular
The GFR Clock for ... Staging CKD Staging ... , CKD can be staged ... Using the GFR clock ... #CKD #EGFR #Staging
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
phlebotomy High ... Hyperkalemia: • CKD ... Digoxin • K sparing ... infusions) - Metabolic ... #high #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
phlebotomy High ... Hyperkalemia: • CKD ... Digoxin • K sparing ... - Hyperosmolar states ... infusions) - Metabolic
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Non-anion Gap Metabolic ... Acidosis Causes of High-anion ... Generalized distal nephron ... Potassium-sparing
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
130 mEq/L • Potassium ... and necrosis in states ... densa receives high ... signal to reduce GFR ... - Decreased GFR
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
chloridorrhea) • Status ... acute reversal of chronic ... diuretics after renal ... other • Severe potassium ... markedly reduced GFR
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
esp w oliguria / GFR ... Labs: BMP (Assess GFR ... Optimize volume status ... to improve GFR ... sufficient if intact GFR