34 results
Schematic representation of the major sources of ammonia production and its excretory pathway (GI = gastrointestinal,
although hepatic causes ... namely, the many causes ... - Inherited Urea ... : - Urease producing ... #Pathophysiology
Non-cirrhotic Hyperammonemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Hematologic & Vascular:
 • Multiple myeloma & Acute leukemia (plasma cells
Infections: • Urease-producing ... retention Unmasked Urea ... Hyperammonemia #ammonia ... Differential #Diagnosis #Pathophysiology
UROLITHIASIS 

80% of stones are composed of calcium oxalate or phosphate. Others include uric acid (9%),
system; are Mg ammonium ... elevated urine pH, & urease ... ammonia as a by-product ... These mutations cause ... PCN #calculus #urease
Management of SIADH
Treat underlying cause:
 • Causes can include pain, primary lung pathology, post-operative phenomenon, medications,
underlying cause ... : • Causes can ... volume overload Urea ... metabolized into ammonium ... by urease-producing
SIADH Treatment Options
1. Treat underlying cause of SIADH: Pain, Primary lung pathology, Post-operative phenomenon, Medications, Basically
Treat underlying ... cause of SIADH: ... Urea powder • Induces ... metabolized into ammonium ... by urease-producing
Lower Urinary Tract Infections: Complications
 - Infection damages the urinary tract epithelium causing fibroblast proliferation and
Prostatitis - Urease-producing ... Klebsiella) degrade urea ... which may cause ... UrinaryTractInfection #LUTI #Pathophysiology
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
hyalinization causes ... white or yellow areas ... around atrophic areas ... #Retinopathy #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology
Proptosis - Differential Diagnosis - Unilateral vs Bilateral
Unilateral:
 • Infections (can become bilateral with cavernous sinus
- Metastatic (breast ... Unilateral #Bilateral #Causes ... #ophthalmology
Anisocoria - Pupillary Defects - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Physiological - Simple Anisocoria ( <O.5mm)
 - Anisocoria equal
• Tumor (Lung, Breast ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #Ophthalmology
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
Hemorrhages • Focal areas ... retinal ischemia causes ... Retinopathy #Diabetes #ophthalmology ... complications #pathophysiology