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diagnosis differential algorithm hematuria hypokalemia management syndrome urology alkaliintake atlas barttersyndrome bloodgasanalysis chloride distantdiuretics endocrinecause endocrinecauses gitelman gitelmansyndrome key low
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings • Epithelial cells - Normal • Renal tubular cells - Acute
• White cell casts ... disease • Granular casts ... crystals may indicate metabolic ... key #diagnosis #nephrology ... #casts
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
Metabolic Alkalosis ... /low blood pressure ... the indicated causes ... of sodium and potassium ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... A urine K/Cr ratio ... • Diarrhea A urine ... Alkalosis: Emesis ... #nephrology #low
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
• Evidence of glomerular ... proteinuria, RBC casts ... → Refer to Nephrology ... if cause not identified ... Workup #urology #blood
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
• 1ml blood/liter ... of Glomerular Bleeding ... hematuria: - RBC casts ... #urology #nephrology ... blood
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... volume contracted: urine ... • Severe potassium ... #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology
Blood gas analysis Metabolic alkalosis Measured urine CI < 10 mEq/L Saline responsive > 10 mEg/L Not saline responsive - Vomiting or NG
Blood gas analysis ... Metabolic alkalosis ... Measured urine ... H+ loss Renal cause ... Gitelman syndrome - Potassium
Algorithm - Approach to the differential diagnosis of the patient presenting with overt glomerular proteinuria. CMV
arbitrarily defined as urine ... content [85].2>5 red blood ... cell/white cell casts ... because nephritic urine ... nephrotic #syndrome #nephrology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Heat stroke - Metabolic ... UA positive for blood ... Cast formation: ... Monitor potassium ... #treatment #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
alkalosis • Normal ... or low blood pressure ... Hypochloremic metabolic ... (spot urine, calcium-creatinine ... Syndrome #diagnosis #nephrology
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