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diagnosis differential algorithm syndrome management chloride gitelman hematuria hypokalemia microscopy pathophysiology treatment urinary urology workup abg acid acidbase alkaliintake atlas
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings • Epithelial cells - Normal • Renal tubular cells - Acute
• White cell casts ... • Hyaline casts ... crystals may indicate metabolic ... key #diagnosis #nephrology ... #casts
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
• 1ml blood/liter ... hematuria: - RBC casts ... #urology #nephrology ... #renal #urine # ... blood
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
• Evidence of glomerular ... proteinuria, RBC casts ... for renal biopsy ... if cause not identified ... Workup #urology #blood
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Cause - Decreased Intake: • Low salt in diet • Exclusive D5W
alkalosis - Fistulas ... - Diarrhea • RENAL ... gas transport, renal ... metabolic alkalosis ... Pathophysiology #Nephrology
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Alkalosis - Differential ... hyperaldosteronism • High PRA: Renal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Nephrology ... #Causes
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
Metabolic Alkalosis ... /low blood pressure ... the indicated causes ... #Metabolic #Alkalosis ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 2.
Base Disorders - Blood ... Interpretation Steps for Blood ... - Diarrhea - Renal ... of Metabolic Alkalosis ... Diagnosis #Summary #Nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
A urine K/Cr ratio ... suggests extra-renal ... causes • Laxative ... Alkalosis: Emesis ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
Urinary Casts and ... and concentrated urine ... breakdown of cellular casts ... heme-granular casts ... 34t5DgJ #Urinary #Casts
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... diuretics after renal ... generally indicates a renal ... #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology
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