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diagnosis nephrology management hypokalemia syndrome algorithm alkalosis calculi calculus classification elevation lactate lactic low metabolic pathophysiology potassium rhabdomyolysis rheumatology sjogrens
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis and Treatment Hyponatremia is usually caused by the inability to excrete water normally.
usually caused by ... Then, ask 3 questions ... approach to the differential ... Measure urine osmolality ... #Differential #
Types of Renal Calculi Calcium oxalate - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
tubular acidosis ... tubular acidosis ... - Antiviral treatment ... #stones #differential ... #diagnosis #causes
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
A urine K/Cr ratio ... suggests extra-renal ... Bartter syndrome, Gitelman ... - Metabolic acidosis ... diagnosis #Algorithm #differential
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... Alkalosis: Differential ... chronic respiratory acidosis ... diuretics after renal ... furosemide-like lesion) • Gitelman
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential ... Management Summary Causes ... Dermatomyositis Clinical ... Weakness - Dark urine ... Hyperuricemia • Hyponatremia
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
- Differential ... excretion (e.g., urine ... / hypoxemia -> focus ... before beginning treatment ... #Elevation #Differential
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
tubule (DCT) Clinical ... Hypocalciuria (spot urine ... ratio 0.5%) Differential ... tubular acidosis ... Rhabdomyolysis Treatment
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... plasma insulin (treatment ... tubular acidosis ... diuretic use), Gitelman's ... #differential #
Sjogren's Syndrome Overview Epidemiology: • F > M: 9:1 • 5-6th Decades (can be any age) Autoimmune exocrinopathy multisystemic disease
Hypocomplementemia • Can cause ... salivary ducts Clinical ... tubular acidosis ... phenomenon (16%) MSK ... Adenocarcinoma Treatment
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