Types of Renal Calculi Calcium oxalate - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion, Increased urinary oxalate (dietary) - Idiopathic hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia, Renal tubular acidosis (type 1) Calcium phosphate - Inner medullary collecting duct plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion - Idiopathic hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia Calcium carbonate - Hypercalciuria, Hypercarbonaturia - Ingestion of calcium carbonate as calcium supplement (>2000 mg/day) Cystine - Cystinuria, Defective transport of cysteine and di-basic amino acids in kidney and intestine, Low urinary citrate - Autosomal recessive genetic disease (incidence 1/10,000) Struvite - Magnesium, ammonium and phosphate: alkaline urine - Infection with ammonia-producing organisms: Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus and Mycoplasma infections, High dietary magnesium Uric acid - Hyperuricemia - Hyperuricemia, Renal tubular acidosis (types 1 and 2) Drugs - Acyclovir, indinavir, atazanavir, triamterene - Antiviral treatment for herpes virus or HIV/AIDS, diuretics to treat heart failure #Calculi #Types #Renal #stones #differential #diagnosis #causes #calculus
