26 results
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
microscopy • Red cell casts ... • White cell casts ... infection • Hyaline casts ... • Granular casts ... #nephrology #casts
Urine Microscopy - Casts
Acellular Casts
 • Hyaline Casts - Consists of only precipitated Tamm-Horsfell protein without
suggestive of acute ... in a variety of acute ... chronic kidney diseases ... Urine #Microscopy #nephrology ... interpretation #diagnosis
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury ( AKI ) - Prerenal, Renal, and Postrenal

PRE-RENAL 
Impaired perfusion: 
•
Causes of Acute ... • Inflammatory disease ... Urethral stricture/valves ... /phimosis #Diagnosis ... GrepMed Recommended Text
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations
Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
Urinary Casts and ... breakdown of cellular casts ... heme-granular casts ... are seen in acute ... 34t5DgJ #Urinary #Casts
Causes of Thrombocytopenia and Platelet Disorders - Differential Diagnosis and Workup
History:
 - Prior platelet count, family
- Differential Diagnosis ... PLT in selected cases ... K), H. pylori test ... thyroid function test ... (CVID, WAS), (neurologic
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
Tuberculosis: can cause ... /vomiting • Abdominal ... Serum DHEAS Diagnosis ... autoimmune adrenalitis cases ... endocrinology #diagnosis
USMLE Epidemiology and Biostatistics Summary
Meta-Analysis: pools data from several studies (greater power), limited by quality/bias of
proportion of cases ... Incidence: No of new cases ... Prevalence: total No of cases ... = incidence in acute ... how related two values
TTP - Laboratory Evaluation for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Activity of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease activity - A
activity - A low value ... hallmark for the disease ... If the value is ... decrease in most cases ... hematuria (without casts
Hearing Loss - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Hearing Loss Types:
• Conductive
• Sensorineural
• Mixed
Presbycusis is the most common type
- Differential Diagnosis ... include a: • Neurologic ... (80% to 90% of cases ... cause unknown) ... ○ HIV ○ Lyme disease
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
and Differential Diagnosis ... previously stable values ... heart failure, neurologic ... Renal parenchymal disease ... Neurologic disorders