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Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) Clinical Guidelines

ACLF = possibly reversible condition in those with CLD (± cirrhosis)
Acute-on-Chronic ... those with CLD (± cirrhosis ... months without treatment ... #ACLF #Acute #Chronic ... #Cirrhosis #Hepatology
Common Etiologies of Cirrhosis

Inflammation

 - Hepatitis B (15 percent)

 - Hepatitis C (47 percent)

 - Schistosomiasis
Inflammation - Hepatitis ... Nonalcoholic fatty liver ... heart failure (chronic ... #Differential #Hepatology ... #Cirrhosis #Causes
Elevated Liver Function Tests (LFTs) - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Mild (<100-500): 
 • NAFLD
 • Cirrhosis
 •
• NAFLD • Cirrhosis ... • Chronic Viral ... Hepatitis Moderate ... • Acute Viral Hepatitis ... Differential #Diagnosis #hepatology
Chronic Hepatitis B - Diagnosis and Management Algorithm

• Who to treat: Essentially treat the pts with
Chronic Hepatitis ... viremia or have cirrhosis ... Chronic Hepatitis ... Diagnosis #Management #Treatment ... #Hepatology
Ascites - Differential Diagnosis
Chronic liver disease (cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis) - 80%
Underlying malignancy - 10%
Congestive heart
Differential Diagnosis Chronic ... liver disease ( ... cirrhosis or chronic ... hepatitis) - 80% ... failure - 3-5% Cirrhosis
Patterns of Liver Injury
Transaminase Levels:
  > 50x normal - Ischemic Hepatitis
  > 20x normal
Patterns of Liver ... CMV), Alcoholic cirrhosis ... 5-10x normal - Chronic ... #Patterns #Liver ... #Injury #hepatology
Hepatomegaly - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Malignant
 • Primary Carcinoma
 • Metastases
 • Lymphoma
 • Leukemia
 • Polycythemia
Non-Malignant • Fatty Liver ... Infectious • Hepatitis ... Primary Biliary Cirrhosis ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #Hepatology
Portal Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis
Portal Pressure = the pressure difference between the pressure in the portal
Post-Hepatic: • Cardiac causes ... /acute hepatitis ... sarcoidosis) • Liver ... metastasis • Fatty liver ... #hepatology
Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI) - Stepwise Diagnosis Algorithm
DILI suspicion
Features toxic aetiology: Skin involvement, Kidney injury,
non-essential drug/HDS treatments ... for alternative causes ... e.g. ascites), Chronic ... hepatitis fibrosis ... • Autoimmune hepatitis
Hepatitis B Disease Progression Timeline
 • > 90% of infected children progress to chronic disease (<5%
Hepatitis B Disease ... individuals develop Liver ... of developing cirrhosis ... #HepatitisB #Disease ... Timeline #Prognosis #hepatology