12 results
Primary Hyperthyroidism - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Note: Although rare, gestational diseases can lead to thyrotoxicosis due
Primary Hyperthyroidism ... production by the pituitary ... Signs/Symptoms: ... Hyperthyroidism #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Primary vs Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency - Pathophysiology
Primary AI = adrenal glands themselves are the problem. This
Primary vs Secondary ... Insufficiency - Pathophysiology ... Secondary AI = the pituitary ... Insufficiency #Pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Pituitary Mass Effects - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Pituitary turnors are almost always a benign
Pituitary Mass Effects ... masses of all sizes ... Signs / Symptoms ... #SideEffects #endocrinology ... mnemonic #GLFTAP #pathophysiology
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary ... Comparison: • Primary ... Symptoms: Commonly no signs ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
activates lipolysis Signs ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology ... #pituitary
Approach to Thyroid Function Tests in the Evaluation of Hyperthyroidism
 • Low TSH, Low normal T4
high T4 +/- T3 → Primary ... Hyperthyroidism → Signs ... Hyperthyroidism → MRI Pituitary ... algorithm #diagnosis #endocrinology
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

DKA is a result of an absolute or relative insulin
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology ... Insulin is the primary ... counterregulatory hormones act ... #Pathophysiology ... DKA #Diabetes #Endocrinology
Diagnosis Adrenal Insufficiency - Algorithm

Step 1) Screening Test: 6-8AM Cortisol Level
 - Early morning cortisol levels
excludes AI in almost all ... Differentiate primary ... . problem with pituitary ... consistent with primary ... #Stimulation #Endocrinology
Hyperthyroidism Overview

Clinical Manifestation of Hyperthyroidism:
 • Fatigue
 • Weight loss
 • Heat intolerance
 • Depression, nervousness
• Insomnia Primary ... TSH-producing pituitary ... #differential #endocrinology ... #signs #symptoms
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Pathogenesis and Medications
Aging
 -> Increased Testosterone -> Testosterone metabolized into DHT by type
smooth-muscle -> Improved urinary ... smooth-muscle -> Improved urinary ... secretion from pituitary ... Hyperplasia #Prostate #Pathophysiology ... #Medications #Pharmacology